Explain the structure and functions of the human heart.
Answer:
The human heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. It has four chambers:
Right atrium and right ventricle: Receive deoxygenated blood from the body and pump it to the lungs.
Left atrium and left ventricle: Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it to the body.
Functions of the heart include:
1. Pumping blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
2. Pumping oxygenated blood to the whole body.
3. Maintaining blood pressure and circulation.
2. Question:
Differentiate between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Answer:
Central Nervous System (CNS): Consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes information and controls body activities.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Comprises nerves outside the CNS including cranial and spinal nerves. It transmits signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.
3. Question:
Describe the process of inhalation and exhalation during respiration.
Answer:
Inhalation (breathing in):
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
Intercostal muscles lift the rib cage.
Thoracic cavity volume increases, air is drawn into the lungs.
Exhalation (breathing out):
Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
Rib cage moves downward and inward.
Thoracic cavity volume decreases, and air is pushed out.
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4. Question:
Explain the functions of the liver in the human body.
Answer:
The liver is the largest internal organ located in the upper right abdomen. Its functions include:
1. Detoxification of harmful substances.
2. Bile production to aid fat digestion.
3. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals.
4. Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
5. Synthesis of plasma proteins and clotting factors.
5. Question:
What are synovial joints? Give two examples.
Answer:
Synovial joints are freely movable joints where bones are connected by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid for lubrication.
Examples:
1. Shoulder joint (ball and socket)
2. Knee joint (hinge joint)
6. Question:
Discuss the functions of the skin in humans.
Answer:
The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves the following functions:
1. Protection against injury, germs, and harmful substances.
2. Temperature regulation through sweating and blood vessel dilation.
3. Sensation via nerve endings that detect touch, pain, and temperature.
4. Excretion of waste like sweat.
5. Vitamin D production under sunlight exposure.
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7. Question:
Describe the structure and functions of the nephron.
Answer:
Structure: A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of:
1. Bowman’s capsule
2. Glomerulus
3. Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
4. Loop of Henle
5. Collecting duct
Functions:
1. Filtration of blood in the glomerulus.
2. Reabsorption of water and useful substances.
3. Secretion of waste into the urine.
8. Question:
State the differences between arteries and veins.
Answer:
| Feature | Arteries | Veins |
|------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------|
| Direction of flow | Carry blood away from heart | Carry blood towards heart |
| Oxygen level | Mostly oxygenated (except pulmonary artery) | Mostly deoxygenated (except pulmonary vein) |
| Wall thickness | Thick and elastic | Thin with valves |
9. Question:
Explain the digestive role of the small intestine.
Answer:
The small intestine is about 6 meters long and divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Its roles include:
1. Enzymatic digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
2. Absorption of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into the blood and lymph.
3. Transport of digested food to the large intestine.
10. Question:
What are hormones and list four endocrine glands and their hormones.
Answer:
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate body functions.
Examples:
1. Pituitary gland – Growth hormone (GH)
2. Thyroid gland – Thyroxine (T4)
3. Pancreas – Insulin and glucagon
4. Adrenal gland – Adrenaline
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